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www :- The 1990s saw the explosion of the Internet applications due to the emergence of the World Wide Web (WWW). The web was invented at CERN by Tim Berners-Lee. This invention has added the commercial applications to the Internet.
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The following is a list of important Internet events in chronological order:
1969. Four-node ARPANET established.
1970. ARPA hosts implement NCP.
1973. Development of TCP/IP suite begins.
1977. An internet tested using TCP/IP.
1978. UNIX distributed to academic/research sites.
1981. CSNET established.
1983. TCP/IP becomes the official protocol for ARPANET.
1983. MILNET was born.
1986. NSFNET established.
1990. ARPANET decommissioned and replaced by NSFNET.
1995. NSFNET goes back to being a research network.
1995. Companies known as Internet Service Providers (ISPs) started.
Growth of the Internet
The Internet has grown tremendously. In just a few decades, the number of networks has increased from tens to hundreds of thousands. Concurrently, the number of computers connected to the networks has grown from hundreds to hundreds of millions. The Internet is still growing. Factors that have an impact on this growth include the following:-
New Protocols
New protocols need to be added and deprecated ones need to be removed. For example, a protocol superior in many respects to IPv4 has been approved as a standard but is not yet fully implemented IPv6, The adoption of IPv6 has been slow. The reason is that the original motivation for its development, depletion of IPv4 addresses, has been slowed down because of three short-term remedies: classless addressing, use of DHCP for dynamic address allocation, and NAT. However, the fast-spreading use of the Internet, and new services, such as mobile IP, IP telephony, and IP-capable mobile telephony, may require the total replacement of IPv4 with IPv6.
IPv6 protocol responds to the above issues using the following main changes in the protocol:
Larger address space. An IPv6 address is 128 bits long. Compared with the 32-bit address of IPv4, this is a huge (296 times) increase in the address space.
Better header format. IPv6 uses a new header format in which options are separated from the base header and inserted, when needed, between the base header and the upper-layer data. This simplifies and speeds up the routing process because most of the options do not need to be checked by routers.
New options. IPv6 has new options to allow for additional functionalities.
Allowance for extension.
IPv6 is designed to allow the extension of the protocol if required by new technologies or applications.
Support for resource allocation.
In IPv6, the type-of-service field has been removed, but two new fields, traffic class and flow label have been added to enable the source to request special handling of the packet. This mechanism can be used to support traffic such as real-time audio and video.
Support for more security.
The encryption and authentication options in IPv6 provide confidentiality and integrity of the packet.
New Technology.
New technologies are under development that will increase the capacity of networks and provide more bandwidth to the Internet’s users.
Increasing Use of Multimedia.
It is predicted that the Internet, once just a vehicle to share data, will be used more and more for multimedia (audio and video).
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